![]() ![]() In many countries, individuals have access to a computer usually connected to a worldwide network everyday. Nakos, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009 Children as Map Users in the Information Technology EraĬartography at the beginning of twenty-first century is facing a technological revolution due to the widespread use of electronic media and especially of computers and information technology. Thus, it represents a simultaneous decline and expansion of scientism in cartography, opening the way for working with the dialogical tension of incommensurable forms of spatiality and temporality. It has brought with it new modes of cartography, distributed and emergent mapping. This mobilization of unbounded cartography through its transition into the hands of the users is bringing about an efflorescence of mapping into ever-expanding areas of knowledge production. ![]() But the advent of geographic information science (GIS) combined with the Internet has meant the dissolution of boundaries around professional cartography. The inclusion of indigenous cartography in the history of cartography and the recognition that neither cartography nor science are essentially unified, brought about further repositioning. Displaying and mapping this boundary leads to reflexive difficulties since not only is it a form of cartography, but the ways in which both knowledge and science are conceived have been shaped by the model of the map. A struggle in which charges of scientism have been leveled in both the negative and the positive senses. Consequently there has been a continuous struggle for authority in determining the position of the boundaries of both science and cartography. Science and cartography have been effectively intertwined in a process of co-production since the seventeenth century. ![]() Turnbull, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009 In order to assure that geomorphological maps deliver the information aimed for, whether through online or printed maps, a clear and understandable design and composition of the geomorphological map is required.ĭ. Publication of geomorphological data through the Internet will contribute to the distribution and application of geomorphological maps in other scientific and non-scientific fields. Interoperability and exchange of geomorphological maps and data are provided by data and protocol standards for web mapping (e.g. Either by static or dynamic techniques, geomorphological maps are easily published online using free software and data. ![]() Web mapping is a central part of the Internet that can be used for geomorphological maps as well. The Internet is a valuable platform for storage, exchange and dissemination of geomorphological information. This enables not only the storage and distribution of data but also helps to create a clear hierarchical organisation of the map contents. To make full use of GIS functionality, database structure, layer composition and data formats need to be considered prior to map creation. However, graphics software still enables more flexible symbol generation and map creation. Due to recent advances in graphic and map design functionality, GIS software provides increasing possibilities for map creation and creative map design. A legend system should be adjusted to the specific conditions of the study area and the message of the map, sometimes requiring the creation of new symbols. The choice often depends on the author's scientific context or the purpose of the map. This chapter has introduced many different legend and mapping systems. A clear hierarchical organisation, the thoughtful application of colour, contrast and symbol density and a well-balanced arrangement of map items are good preconditions for well-designed maps that deliver the intended message. Legibility is probably the greatest challenge to geomorphological maps. To apply these principles, geomorphologists should be aware of the different cartographic elements that compose geomorphological maps and their usage when creating a map. Cartography provides valuable principles and techniques to focus the reader's attention to the main content of a map. The usability and quality of geomorphological maps is therefore not only dependent upon the choice and familiarity of the legend system and symbols but also to a greater extent upon good map design. The perception and mapping of landscapes is a subjective process. Martin Geilhausen, in Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 2011 6 Conclusions ![]()
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